Faulty logic

“No comparison needed!”

Unless an intervention is compared to something else, it is not possible to know what would happen without it.

Unless an action is compared to something else, it is not possible to know what would happen without the action (or with more or less of the action), so it is difficult to attribute outcomes to the action.

BEWARE of intervention claims when you don’t know what the comparison was, and when they are based on simple before and after intervention comparisons.

REMEMBER: Ask what the intervention was compared to, and whether it was a fair comparison.